1836

Events in 1836 32

• 1737 – 1836 Charles Carroll of Carrollton (1737-1836) Died 14 November 1836, aged 99 American statesman and the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was also one of the wealthiest men in the early United States and a founder of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
• 1751 – 1836 James Madison 4th President — Father of the Constitution James Madison (Mar 16, 1751 – Jun 28, 1836) was the 4th President 1809-1817 and the primary author of the US Constitution and Bill of Rights. He led the nation through the War of 1812.
• 1756 – 1836 Aaron Burr (1756-1836) Died 14 September 1836, aged 80 American politician who served as the third Vice President of the United States and later killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. He was tried for treason in 1807 over an alleged conspiracy to create an independent territory and later acquitted.
• 1756 – 1836 John Loudon McAdam (1756-1836) Died 26 November 1836, aged 80 Scottish engineer who developed "macadam," a method of road construction using layered crushed stone. His technique was widely adopted across Europe and North America and gave rise to the later term "tarmac."
• 1756 – 1836 William Godwin (1756-1836) Died 7 April 1836, aged 80 English political philosopher, novelist, and early proponent of anarchist thought, married to Mary Wollstonecraft and father of Mary Shelley. His writings on political justice influenced early British radicalism.
• 1757 – 1836 Charles X of France (1757-1836) Died 6 November 1836, aged 79 Former King of France whose reactionary policies provoked the July Revolution of 1830, forcing his abdication. He died in exile in Gorizia in the Austrian Empire.
• 1760 – 1836 Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle (1760-1836) Died 26 June 1836, aged 76 French army officer and composer who wrote "La Marseillaise" in 1792, which became the French national anthem. He died in relative poverty despite the song's lasting fame.
• 1775 – 1836 Andre-Marie Ampere (1775-1836) Died 10 June 1836, aged 61 French physicist and mathematician who founded the science of classical electrodynamics, now called electrodynamics. The SI unit of electric current, the ampere, is named in his honor.
• 1786 – 1836 Davy Crockett (1786-1836) Died 6 March 1836, aged 49 American frontiersman, soldier, and congressman killed defending the Alamo during the Texas Revolution. He became one of the most enduring folk heroes of American popular culture.
• 1796 – 1836 Jim Bowie (1796-1836) Died 6 March 1836, aged 39 American pioneer and soldier known for the knife that bears his name, killed defending the Alamo. He had previously gained fame as a frontier fighter and land speculator in Texas and Louisiana.
• 1809 – 1836 William B. Travis (1809-1836) Died 6 March 1836, aged 26 American lawyer and lieutenant colonel who commanded the Texan garrison at the Alamo. His letter pledging "Victory or Death" became one of the most quoted documents of the Texas Revolution.
• 1836 – 1902 Bret Harte (1836-1902) Died 5 May 1902, aged 65 Harte was an American writer and poet known for short stories depicting life in the California Gold Rush, such as "The Luck of Roaring Camp." He later lived in Europe and helped shape the literary image of the American West.
• 1836 – 1891 David Kalakaua (1836-1891) Died 20 January 1891, aged 54 Last king of the Kingdom of Hawaii, nicknamed the "Merrie Monarch" for reviving traditional Hawaiian culture including hula and chant. He died in San Francisco while seeking medical treatment. His sister Liliuokalani succeeded him as monarch.
• 1836 Great Trek begins Boer settlers migrate inland from the Cape Colony Groups of Dutch-speaking farmers, later called Voortrekkers, began migrating by ox-wagon out of the British-ruled Cape Colony into the South African interior. The migration was driven by dissatisfaction with British rule and reshaped the political map of southern Africa.
• 1836 – 1892 Jay Gould (1836-1892) Died 2 December 1892, aged 56 Jay Gould was an American railroad executive and financier notorious for aggressive speculation, including his role in the Black Friday gold panic of 1869. By the time of his death he controlled a major portion of the US railroad network.
• 1836 – 1914 Joseph Chamberlain (1836-1914) Died 2 July 1914, aged 77 A British businessman and statesman, Chamberlain served as a reforming mayor of Birmingham before becoming a dominant and divisive figure in national politics, championing tariff reform and imperial unity. He split both the Liberal and Unionist parties over his policies. A stroke in 1906 ended his active career, and he died just before the war his son Austen and grandson would later shape British policy around.
• 1836 – 1911 W. S. Gilbert (1836-1911) Died 29 May 1911, aged 74 Gilbert was an English dramatist and librettist who, with composer Arthur Sullivan, created the enormously popular Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas including H.M.S. Pinafore and The Mikado. He drowned while rescuing a swimmer in a lake on his estate. His witty lyrics and libretti remained influential on musical theater.
• 1836 – 1900 Wilhelm Steinitz (1836-1900) Died 12 August 1900, aged 64 Born in Prague, Steinitz became the first officially recognized World Chess Champion, holding the title from 1886 to 1894. He developed positional chess theory that shifted the game away from purely tactical attacking play. He died in poverty in New York.
• 1836 – 1910 Winslow Homer (1836-1910) Died 29 September 1910, aged 74 American landscape painter and printmaker regarded as one of the foremost artists of 19th-century America, known for his seascapes and depictions of rural and coastal life. He worked in watercolor and oil and spent his later years painting the Maine coast at Prouts Neck. His work profoundly influenced American realism.
• 1836 Battle of the Alamo Siege ends in Mexican victory and heavy losses Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and overran the Alamo mission in San Antonio, killing nearly all of its defenders. The battle became a rallying cry for Texan forces during the Texas Revolution.
• 1836 Samuel Colt patents the revolver Patent covers practical revolving-cylinder firearm Samuel Colt received a United States patent for a revolving-cylinder pistol, enabling multiple shots without reloading. The design became the basis for his Patent Arms Manufacturing Company and transformed firearms manufacturing.
• 1836 Texas Declaration of Independence Delegates proclaim Texas independent of Mexico Delegates meeting at Washington-on-the-Brazos signed a declaration severing Texas from Mexico. The document established the Republic of Texas and set the stage for the ongoing revolution.
• 1836 The Pickwick Papers begins serialization Charles Dickens launches his career with first novel Charles Dickens began publishing The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club in monthly installments, his first novel. Its runaway popularity established the serialized novel as a major form of Victorian popular culture.
• 1836 Battle of San Jacinto Sam Houston defeats Santa Anna in decisive battle Texan forces under Sam Houston surprised and routed the Mexican army, capturing General Santa Anna. The victory effectively secured Texan independence from Mexico.
• 1836 Treaty of Velasco signed Captured Santa Anna agrees to end hostilities Following his capture at San Jacinto, Santa Anna signed treaties with the Texan government agreeing to withdraw Mexican troops and recognize Texan independence. The Mexican government later repudiated the treaty.
• 1836 Treaty of New Echota ratified by U.S. Senate Ratification clears way for Cherokee removal The U.S. Senate ratified the Treaty of New Echota by a single vote, approving the cession of Cherokee land east of the Mississippi in exchange for land in Indian Territory. The treaty, rejected by most Cherokees, led directly to the forced removal later known as the Trail of Tears.
• 1836 Arkansas admitted as a U.S. state Becomes the 25th state of the Union Arkansas entered the United States as the 25th state, having previously been organized as a territory. Its admission was part of the broader sectional balance between free and slave states.
• 1836 Specie Circular issued Jackson order requires gold or silver for public land President Andrew Jackson issued an executive order requiring payment in gold or silver coin for purchases of federal public land. The policy tightened credit and is widely seen as a contributing cause of the Panic of 1837.
• 1836 Mutiny of La Granja Sergeants force Spanish regent to restore 1812 constitution Mutinous sergeants at the La Granja palace compelled Queen Regent Maria Cristina to reinstate the liberal Constitution of 1812. The coup forced a change in government and pushed Spain's politics further toward liberalism during the First Carlist War.
• 1836 Louis-Napoleon's failed Strasbourg coup Future Napoleon III attempts to seize power Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon I, attempted to incite a military mutiny in Strasbourg to overthrow King Louis Philippe. The plot collapsed almost immediately and Bonaparte was arrested and exiled.
• 1836 University of London chartered Royal charter establishes degree-granting federal university A royal charter established the University of London as a body empowered to confer degrees, building on the earlier founding of University College and King's College. It became one of the first British universities open to students regardless of religion.
• 1836 Proclamation of South Australia British colony formally established at Glenelg Governor John Hindmarsh read the proclamation founding the Province of South Australia near present-day Adelaide. Unlike other Australian colonies, it was established as a planned, free settlement rather than a penal colony.